Ibn Sina was one of the most influential physicians and philosophers of the Islamic Golden Age. His most famous work, The Canon of Medicine, was used as a primary medical reference in Europe and the Islamic world for more than 600 years. He contributed to anatomy, pharmacology, psychology, and medical ethics, and is considered a pioneer of clinical and experimental medicine.

Al-Jazari was an engineer, inventor, and mechanical designer. His book, The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices, contains detailed descriptions and illustrations of mechanical devices, including clocks, pumps, and automated machines. Known as the father of robotics, he created early programmable mechanisms and advanced hydraulic engineering.

​Al-Biruni was a polymath who excelled in astronomy, mathematics, and geography. He made significant contributions to trigonometry and calculated the Earth's radius with astonishing accuracy centuries before modern tools. His writings also explored the rotation of the Earth, comparative religion, time-measurement systems, and scientific methodology.

Al-Razi was a pioneering physician, chemist, and philosopher. He was the first to clinically differentiate between smallpox and measles and emphasized evidence-based medicine. His medical writings influenced hospitals and healthcare education in both the Islamic world and Europe. He was also an early advocate of hygiene and antiseptics in medical practice.

Often referred to as the “Father of Chemistry,” Jabir Ibn Hayyan made groundbreaking contributions to the study of chemical processes. He developed laboratory techniques such as crystallization, distillation, and evaporation, and discovered several important acids including nitric acid and hydrochloric acid. His scientific methods helped establish the foundations of modern chemistry.